I think I'm still the only Dutch member on here, and I'm afraid I didn't know anything about this.
Edit: found a couple of things on some Dutch websites:
They call it 'floatlands'; basically a floating ornamental garden, which also serves to create a more natural environment for animals. Also, they attract mussels which also filter the water. Apparantly there's over a hundred floatlands in Amsterdam. They're usually planted by volunteers or houseboat owners. Sometimes they're used to compensate sewage dumped into the canals from houseboats.
The plants are probably
helophytes like bulrush, cane, arrowhead, watercress etc. but I can't tell from the picture which ones they used on that floating type. Sometimes they don't plant them at all and let nature do it for them (takes longer, though).
Floatlands are also called floating 'helophytefilters' in Dutch (
Dutch wiki). Helophytefilters are used to get rid of nitrates and improve water quality.